The application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in soil remediation is a cutting-edge technology that holds the potential to effectively stabilize metal(loid) contaminants. These nanoparticles, typically smaller than 100 nm in size, are highly reactive in soil environments, forming a protective shell of Fe oxyhydroxides around their Fe(0) core. To enhance their stability and reactivity, nZVI producers often coat the particles with materials like carboxymethyl cellulose or polyacrylic acid.
The interactions between nZVI and soil organic matter play a significant role in determining their behavior and effectiveness. However, the transformation of nZVI in soils is influenced by various factors like pH, microbial communities, and aging. Studies have shown that the composition of the Fe oxyhydroxides formed in the nZVI shell can vary depending on these factors.
While nZVI shows promise in stabilizing metal(loid)s in soil, its potential toxicity to soil biota and plants must be carefully considered. Recent research indicates that nZVI composites, such as those with biochar, can improve the efficiency and selectivity of the amendments while reducing aggregation and leaching.
Overall, the use of nZVI in soil remediation is a complex and dynamic field that requires further research to fully understand its environmental impacts and optimize its application. By exploring composites and considering the intricate interactions between nZVI, soil components, and contaminants, scientists aim to develop more sustainable and effective remediation strategies for contaminated sites.
